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 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 2  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 150-153

Effectiveness of group training of psychological capital on happiness due to the moderating effect of social relationships


Department of Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Date of Web Publication6-Jun-2016

Correspondence Address:
Hamid Atashpuor
Department of Psychology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan
Iran
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2395-2296.183536

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  Abstract 

Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of group training of psychological capital on happiness due to the moderating effect of social relationships. Methods: Research method was semi-experimental with the control group. The sample was vulnerable women in the city Khomeini Shahr. Among them, 15 women were selected as a control group and 15 women in the experimental group. The sampling was cluster random. Fifteen sessions of group psychological capital were conducted for the experimental group. Pretest and posttest was performed by Psychological Capital Questionnaire 24 questions, statistics of CFI, RMSEA are respectively 0/97 and 0/08, in the model and also the reliability of the questionnaire obtained 0/85. Oxford happiness, 29 questions, the correlation between the oral hygiene index with the Beck's depression inventory and the scale and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was respectively 48/0, 45/0 and 39/0. Cronbach's alpha for the inventory was equal to 0/91 and adult attachment, 18 questions, in Iran using the test-retest reliability and the correlation between the two performances show that the test is reliable in the level of 0/95. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Result: The results showed that the Group training of psychological capital has a positive impact on happiness and increases happiness in both groups with high and low social relations. Conclusions: The results showed that increasing of psychological capital increase happiness and increase the quality of life and reduced social and psychological injuries.

Keywords: Group training, psychological capital, social relations, stress, women


How to cite this article:
Niyasar NA, Atashpuor H. Effectiveness of group training of psychological capital on happiness due to the moderating effect of social relationships. Int J Educ Psychol Res 2016;2:150-3

How to cite this URL:
Niyasar NA, Atashpuor H. Effectiveness of group training of psychological capital on happiness due to the moderating effect of social relationships. Int J Educ Psychol Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 29];2:150-3. Available from: https://www.ijeprjournal.org/text.asp?2016/2/3/150/183536


  Introduction Top


Psychological capital is comprised of four components: Perceptual-cognitive of hope, optimism, self-efficacy, and resiliency that in an interconnected system strengthening each other and retrofitting each individual against stressful situations. We will be happy, if we can be ourselves. None of us will never have the full perfection of knowledge but the closer we get to it, we would have a better life. Carol Reef identifies six dimensions of happy life: Self-acceptance, positive relations, purpose of life, personal growth and development, environmental dominance, autonomy. Alan Waterman says that, when we work, we reveal our capabilities, the growth of identity goes with the greatest success, and this is when there is a balance between the potential and challenges of the task, we feel we move toward our goals and breeding capability, we would like to invest a lot of effort, we think that the activities are important. They found that people who participate in such activities, they feel alive, engaged, perfection of the moment and being honest with themselves. The waterman calls these feeling as the personal expressiveness of happiness. Researchers have found that the happiness can be increased in individuals, and this is possible through interventions and psychological treatments. Happiness is not unstable and temporary mood, and are emotional responses to situations and sometimes impulsive to situations. The results of these are promising because research shows that it can increase the amount of happiness in people.[1] According to the port, social capital, including the ability to provide social actors whose interests through membership in social networks or other social structures.[2] Psychological capital is belief in one's abilities to succeed to perform certain functions, documents the success of your success, perseverance in pursuing goals, follow-up necessary to achieve, success and tolerance problems and return to normal levels and enhance performance in achieving success[3] and is formed of four components: Hope, self-efficacy, optimism and resiliency. Hope is an emotional strength that leads the imagination to the positive cases. The hope gives power to people, equipped them and acts as a catalyst for activities. Hope give us resilience, vitality and ability to escape the blows that life imposes on us and increase the satisfaction of life.[4] Hopefully is the link between behaviors associated with target and beliefs of a person to achieve the goal. People are more likely to perform a particular behavior when they believe they have the ability to operate effectively. Self-efficacy is the ability to create a desired effect or result. In other words, it is the perception or belief in the ability to perform a particular action with controlling external factors. Bandura says that the self-efficacy is positive human capabilities that in parallel with the development of a positive psychology that a large number of psychologists has been noted.[5]

According toBandura self-efficacy beliefs, has three-dimensions, and are different in level, generality and potency and it is proved that these dimensions are important in measuring self-efficacy.[5] The general expectation in optimistic is that in the future good things happen more than bad things. According to Carver and Shayeroptimists always expect a pleasant place in their lives.[6]

One of the distinctive features of personality is optimism or pessimism. Optimism as part of positive psychology has the inclusive and wide concept. In general optimism means having positive expectations about the results and consequences. Optimism, and in general, positive beliefs leave a great impact on human disease and mental and physical health.[7] A successful copping with stress and difficult situations called resiliency.[8] Resiliency assesses individual abilities and interpersonal deals and causes progression, and resistance in harsh conditions.[9]

Resilient individuals have the ability to accept the reality, and they believe that life is more meaningful to want to give problems.[10] The resiliency is a positive adaptation in response to adverse conditions.[11] Note that in this study, investigation of the effectiveness of group training of psychological capital on happiness with regard to the mitigation of social relations, so homogeneity of variance test and analysis of variance was used.

In training group, we use class structure as below:

  • Session I: The impact of positive psychology on the strength of the people
  • Session II: Description of optimism as the first component of psychological capital
  • Session III: Exchange of experience on the optimism that they had - learning ways to increase self-talk
  • Session IV: The ways of increasing resistance against the attack of false and negative thoughts about the problems
  • Session V: The second factor of psychological capital (hopefully)
  • Session VI: Methods of increasing optimism
  • Session VII: Evaluation of coping techniques to maintain their hopes
  • Session VIII: The third component of psychological capital (resiliency)
  • Session IX: Study of resilient people
  • Session I: Exploring ways of increasing commitment to life
  • Eleventh session: A review of experiences in social support to deal with problems
  • Session XII: The fourth component of psychological capital (self-efficacy)
  • Thirteenth session: Implementation of efficient behavior in personal and family life
  • Fourteenth Session: Finding the positive aspects of family life
  • Fifteenth session: Sum of four components of psychological capital.



  Methods Top


This study is semi-experimental with pretest and posttest. The population is 161 vulnerable women in the city Khomeini Shahr that offered them psychological support services in three welfare centers in the city. The centers were considered as a cluster, and two clusters were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Among them, 15 women were selected as a control group, and 15 women in the experimental group and in both groups were women with high and low social relations.

According to the objectives, the psychological capital, happiness, and social relations questionnaires were used. The reliability and validity of each checked.

Psychological Capital Questionnaire: For measuring psychological capital, psychological capital questionnaires were used. This questionnaire is made of standardized values that is used to measure structures such as hope, resiliency, optimism and self-efficacy and reliability and validity of the subscales also been demonstrated. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions Statistics of comparative fit index, root-mean-square error of approximation are respectively 97/0 and 08/0, in the model and also the reliability of the questionnaire obtained 85/0, each subscale is composed of six items and subject response to any item in five degrees scale (completely disagree to strongly agree) Likert.

Adult Attachment Scale: Eighteen questions, in Iran, using the test-retest reliability and correlation between the two performances shows that the test is reliable in the level of 0/95. It examines the individual assessment of communication skills and their styles in the intimate relationship. It has 18 items that respondents answer their agreement or disagreement on a 5-point Likert scale.

Oxford happiness test: It has 29 items correlation between oral hygiene index with Beck's depression and the scale and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was respectively 48/0, 45/0 and 39/0. Cronbach's alpha for the inventory was equal to 0/91 and measures happiness. Each item has 4 options that participants must choose one of them according to their current status. The normal score is between 79 and 81. The test form is a single scale, and there is no subscale.


  Result Top


Group training of psychological capital due to the moderating effect of social relationships has a significant effect on happiness.

[Table 1] shows the data of happiness mean of pretest and posttest and standard deviation obtained in groups.

According to [Table 2] and F-value calculated from the experimental and control groups, it can be concluded that group training had an impact on happiness P > 0/05. Training of psychological capital had significant effect on both group with high and low social relations and by comparing the experimental group with the control group, growth spurt in psychological capital seen in the experimental group and little changes in the happiness of control group is because of the time factor.
Table 1: Table summery Condense Descriptive statistics incumbency use (authority)

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Table 2: Accordance about normality model (chart normality) omissible without loss statistical

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  Conclusions Top


The results showed that the psychological capital group training has a significant effect on happiness P < 0/05 but social relationships did not get significantly affected. In other words, the impact of training on individuals with low and high social relationships has no significant difference. These findings were consistent with the findings of Alipour[12] about the effect of psychological capital intervention on the reduction of burnout, Ghasemei[13] about the relationship between psychological capital and marital satisfaction, Bahadori[14] about the relationship between psychological capital and well-being and also the findings were consistent with the findings of the findings of foreign researchers Dlahyj and Gillard[14] on the relationship between life satisfaction and hope and the findings of Dengue and Lim[15] on the effects of optimism and hope to increase life satisfaction.

In explaining, the findings should be expressed that the psychological capital group training had no effect on the top and bottom of the social relations, and there is no significant difference between the two groups. This training increased the happiness of the people and in order to increase the good mood and its impact on health and society, and psychological recovery,[14] and an increase in life satisfaction,[13] and decrease depression,[14] and consequently to improve family functioning, and bringing the good life which could have practical implications. For many years, psychologists and psychiatrists focus on disabilities, deficiencies, and disorders of the human to alleviate the pain and suffering of human mental, and physical disabilities. In the last century, psychology entered a new phase of its evolution so that the attention of specialists seriously turned from illness and disability to examine the importance of the capabilities and positive capacities of people.

In this regard, the question is “what is happiness and joy, and nature of happiness in human?” and this is the main issue in positive psychology. Seligman knows happy as the natural and inalienable right of every human being. He believes it should be planned and try to achieve. He knows that the authentic happiness is attainable and available. From the perspective of Seligman, happiness is summarized in the past, present and future. Today happiness is the main criterion for the diagnosis of mental health because researchers have found that the happiness is the objective and measurable. For example, the relationship between happiness and an increase in physical health, psychological harm reduction, an increase in the skill, confronting to the crisis and even increased longevity in humans has been reported by researchers. So one of the important goals of positive psychology is the effort to increase the human knowledge about the joy of living and increasing mental health through the study of rational expectations and the personal empowerment. Cognitive activities such as the application of optimistic views, and positive attitudes continually gives meaning to life that will increase happiness.

Another point in the program is to create happiness, the important role of social protection should not be forgotten. First, the social support itself has a high correlation with happiness,[16] and second, the increased compatibility with difficult and negative changes of life.[16]

Financial support and sponsorship

Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan Branch).

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Alan C. Positive Psychological (Translationpasha Hasan S, Jafar N). Tehran: Sokhan; 1957, 2008.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Humpheries SE. English and Social Capital in an American University in the Republic of Panama. Ph.D. Dissertation. Submitted to the Department of Middle and Secondary Education, The Florida State University; 2005.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Luthans F, Luthans K, Luthans BC. Positive psychological capital: Going beyond the human and social capital. J Bus Horiz 2004;47:45-50.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Parichat P. Stable optimism (Translation Mehrbanooanghaei). Tehran: Beh Tadbir; 2005.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Bandura A. An agentic perspective on positive psychology. In: Lopez SJ, editor. The Science of Human Flourishing. New York: Praeger; 2007.   Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Walumbwa FO, Li W. The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Manage Organ Rev 2005;1:249-71.   Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Taylor SE, Kemeny ME, Reed GM, Bower JE, Gruenewald TL. Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. Am Psychol 2000;55:99-109.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
McCubbin MA, McCubbin HI. Resiliency in families: A conceptual model of family adjustment and adaptation in response to stress and crisis. In: McCubbin H, Thompson A, McCubbin M, editors. Family Assessment: Resiliency, Coping, and Adaptation: Inventories for Research and Practice. Madison: University of Wisconsin; 1996. p. 1-64.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. J Clin Psychol 2002;58:307-21.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Coutu DL. How resilience works. Harv Bus Rev 2002;80:46-50, 52,55.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Waller MA. Resilience in ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2001;71:290-7.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
The Specialized Journal Occupational Medicine; Era 5; Number 3; Autumn 2013 (30-41); Alipour Ahmad. Study effect intervention Luthanz psychological capital on Burnout.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Maryam G. A Thesis Master Degree. Khorasgan University; 2011.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Jafar BK, Toraj HN. The relationship between Optimism With Psychological Well-being Among the Students Tabriz University Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Medical Sciences. Tabriz, Islamic Azad University; 1390.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Carr A. Positive Psychology. London: Routledge; 2004.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology. An introduction. Am Psychol 2000;55:5-14.  Back to cited text no. 16
    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2]



 

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