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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 2  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 196-200

The study of relationship ways of coping stress with some of the quantity demographic features in pregnant women referred to health centers in Khorramabad


1 Faculty Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Date of Web Publication6-Jun-2016

Correspondence Address:
Mansoureh Hasanzadeh
No. 54, Shahrake Parsilon Neighborhood, Chalos Street, Khoram Abad Town, Lorestan 6817963795
Iran
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2395-2296.183538

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  Abstract 

Introduction: Stress and tense factors harm women particularly the pregnant ones. Utilizing the appropriate stress coping styles is effective in decreasing the harms and helping both mothers and their babies' health. Some individual factors could have a relationship with these styles. This study was done aiming to appoint the relationship between the stress coping styles with some demographic features in pregnant women referring to the health centers in Khorramabad City. Methods: In this descriptive coefficient study with moral code LUMS.REC.1394.11, 190 pregnant women referring to health centers in Khorramabad City in 1394 who were qualified for studying on them entered the exploration with easy and reachable sampling. The Fridenberg and Louis's standard questionnaire of the stress coping styles was used for studying the way of coping with stress. The gained data were analyzed by utilizing the Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients and by using the SPSS-20 software. Results: The findings showed that the average age of pregnant women of the exploration was 32.3, the average age of theirs husbands was 36.7, the average of married age was 22.8, the average period of remaining husband and wife was 9.5 years, the least number of born children from them was 0, and the most number of born children from them was 5. The highest level of education in the pregnant women and their husbands university educations (were, respectively, 53.8% and 69%) and 55.3% of the population were in average economical conditions. The findings showed that the marriage age has a direct relationship with the less effective coping style (P = 0.039). The level of education (P < 0.001) and the education level of the husbands (P < 0.001) have a direct relationship with the problem-focused coping style and also the duration of remaining married with less effective coping style (P = 0.039), and the number of born children with problem-focused coping style are related conversely (P = 0.021). Conclusion: According to the findings, we can better recognize the people exposing at the risk of pathobiology or the people having inefficient styles and teach and support them by introducing the different ways of confronting.

Keywords: Demographic feature, the pregnant, the stress coping styles


How to cite this article:
Hasanzadeh M, Samouei R, Fahami F. The study of relationship ways of coping stress with some of the quantity demographic features in pregnant women referred to health centers in Khorramabad. Int J Educ Psychol Res 2016;2:196-200

How to cite this URL:
Hasanzadeh M, Samouei R, Fahami F. The study of relationship ways of coping stress with some of the quantity demographic features in pregnant women referred to health centers in Khorramabad. Int J Educ Psychol Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 28];2:196-200. Available from: https://www.ijeprjournal.org/text.asp?2016/2/3/196/183538


  Introduction Top


In general, stress is inevitable in everybody's life.[1] Stress effects the immune system of the pregnant and the continuation of the stress will cause physical and mental illnesses in the pregnant.[2] Stress unbalances the pregnant and could lead to tiredness, lack of concentration, irritability, sin feeling, digestive disorders, and physical aches unless it is dealt with inappropriately.[3] The way of responding psychological stress is one of the main subjects used as the way of coping with the stress. With the advent of the stressing issue, one tries to utilize one or some remedies which can help with one's adaptability in difficult situations. The ways one chooses to cope with the stress represents one's vulnerability.[1] According to stress interactional theory, “coping” is a dynamic process which is permanently changing and it is known as a combination of actions which are taken to cope with the stress. The three approaches are as follow: (1) Problem-focused coping style: It describes the situations in which the person tries to take some actions to avoid being spin or problem-focused behaviors such as searching more information about the problem, modifying the problem based on cognition, and ordering the actions to cope with the problem. (2) Emotional coping style: It describes the situations in which the person tries to concentrate on oneself and try his/her best to decrease the unpleasant feelings as much as they can to avoid the situation that lead to spin. (3) Less effective coping style: This type of coping might lead to involving in a new activity or in a situation or joining a new society.[4],[5] Which applying each of them might be both the cause and the reason for the advert of some new behaviors and characteristics. Different studies are done in this regard including Ghazanfari and Qadampour[6] (1386) in which they state that the age condition of the teenagers forces them to use mainly emotional coping style while behaving. In a study in 2010 by Lin et al.,[7] William[8] showed that as the teens get older, they use the emotional coping style more and also based on Simbar et al.[9] study (1391), the pregnant's behavior gets more and more problem-focused with their age. According to Anshel and Wells,[10] the way to cope with the problem is influenced by their sexual characteristics,[4],[5] and the results of studies by Carter[11] quoted by Cheraghi (1389) showed that as the socialization of the girls varies in different societies, they utilize more problem-focused styles than sons. According to Bao and Swaab[12] studies in (2010), utilizing problem-focused style, one tries to use cognitive skills to get rid of stress. Hence, having found ways to get rid of stress one is psychologically content and consequently make one organized and decreases mental disorders. Mohamadi and Salehi[13] (1390) also Ghazanfari and Ghadampoor's[6] findings (1386) stated that using emotional coping style stops the person from an effectively coping with the stress and consequently decreases the person's ability to cope with the stress and it would distract the person's attention. Moreover, it seems that there is a mutual relationship between confrontation styles and psychological health.[14],[15] On the other hand, as a few studies are carried out on confrontation style in pregnant women[5] neither has any studies been done on coping the issue of stress with demographic features in Khorramabad;[16] therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the stress coping styles with some of the demographic features in pregnant women referring to the health centers in Khorramabad City.


  Methods Top


The study done was an integrative and descriptive one on all pregnant women referring to Khorramabad Health Centres in 1394. The population under study were 190 pregnant women via an easy and available sampling. Having prepared a permission, the researcher was present at the health center from 8 am to 1 pm and after assuring to see the condition of the clients and gaining a written contentment from the related unit, and having explained the purpose of the questionnaire and also how to fill it in, she would hand in the questionnaire among the clients and clarified the probable problems. The requirement criterion to enter the population under study were the contentment to participate, possessing an Iranian nationality, Originating from Khorramabadian Lor tribe, being pregnant and knowing how to read and write and lacking any side effect of pregnancy and the factors like being uninterested in cooperating with fulfillment of the research and not filling the questionnaire fully caused the person to be fired from the group under study. The instruments to gather the data in the present study were the researcher-made questionnaire, demographic information, and a standard questionnaire on the stress coping styles by Fridenberg and Luis (1993).[17] The problem-focused coping style included 24 questions, from 1 to 24, the emotional coping style included 22 questions (from 25 to 47), and the less effective coping style included 44 questions (from 48 on). Five-degree Likert spectrum was used to answer the questions in the questionnaire. The scores gained on each column are gathered together as well as that score to each style and finally according to minimum and maximum score, the average score is gained which indicates what style each person used. The validity of all measures in Australia based on Cronbach was 0.7 and the reliability of the questionnaire through analyzing factors within 4 years and in eight separate studies was confirmed (from 1986 to 1990).[1] The validity of the mentioned questionnaire in Iran through Cronbach's alpha was between 0.46 and 0.86. To assign the reliability of the questionnaire based on theoretical frames, they were tested on four experts of psychology and were used and confirmed as valid questionnaires to assess the coping styles.[18] The gain data were described and analyzed by 20-addition Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (Chicago) and were analyzed by Pearson's and Spearman's coefficient.


  Results Top


Findings showed that 53% of the pregnant women had university degrees whereas 69% of their husbands had university degrees. Moreover, 55.3% were average regarding their economic status.

The descriptive and analytic results are presented in [Table 1][Table 2][Table 3].
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of quantitative demographic variables in the pregnant women referring to Khorramabad health centers

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Table 2: The distribution of the scores on stress coping styles in pregnant women referring to Khorramabad health centers

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Table 3: Pearson's correlation coefficient between quantitative demographic variables with stress coping style in pregnant women referring to Khorramabad health centers

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According to the findings in [Table 1], the average age of the pregnant 32.3 ± 8.6, the average husband's age 36.7 ± 8.8, the average age for marriage 9.5 ± 7.9, and the average number of children was 1.4 ± 1.3.

About 62.4% of the units used problem-focused coping style, 59.9% of the units highly used emotional coping style, and 72.1% of the units used less effective coping style.

There is a direct relationship between the age of marriage with the less effective coping style (P = 0.039), whereas there is a convert relationship between the number of born children with the less effective coping style (P < 0.5). There was no other meaningful relationship in other areas.

Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a direct meaningful relationship between problem-focused coping style with the level of education of both the pregnant women and their husbands, and there was no other meaningful relationship in other areas.


  Discussion Top


To assign some relationship between some demographic features with the stress coping styles in pregnant women, the researcher applied questionnaire. Finding shows that “the less effective coping style” has the highest frequency of all and surprisingly this finding is not congruent with neither the findings of Simbar et al.[9] study (1391) which found that emotional coping style nor with the findings of the study by Hamzeh et al.[19] (1390), which claimed that problem-focused coping style has the highest frequency. To clarify these findings we can say that since the population under study were the pregnant women, and on the other hand these women are tolerating a lot of psychological stress which is solely due to their pregnancy state[20] and includes developmental, evolutional, and psychological changes[21] and also the pregnant are too much sensitive within this period[22] so they might be exposed to utilizing inefficient styles such as less effective coping style more than others. Besides, the findings in other areas were not low either, meaning people utilize different styles in different situations. Findings according to the [Table 4], showed a direct, meaningful relationship between the level of education of pregnant women with that of their husbands. These findings were congruent with the findings based on Rezaee et al. (1391). To clarify this subject, we can say that the educated couple uses the effective styles such as problem-focused coping style since they are educated and consequently they know how to analyze the problems before making decisions in various situations. Findings showed no meaningful relationship between the couple's ages and the utilization of the styles. These findings are congruent with the findings based on the study by Simbar et al.[9] study (1391) and discordant with the findings of Rezaei et al.[23] (1390). To clarify it we can say that the attitude in coping with problems is formed years before marriage and is not necessarily related to the characteristics of the husbands. However, the husband's behavior could affect the way the wives cope with problems. For instance, in the cases being too young and being inexperience causes some problems and vice versa being so old seems helpful and supportive. Findings showed a direct meaningful relationship between the age of getting married and the less effective coping style. These findings were discordant with those by Simbar et al.[9] study (1391), which showed a meaningful relationship between the age of marriage and the less effective coping style. To clarify this subject and according to findings, we can say that life of people married at an old age lacks a high quality, they are not well content with their life, so their flexibility and adaptability with their life decreases,[24] and these people usually cope with their problems in an inefficient way of problem solving which remains more stress.

Findings showed a convert relationship between the duration of the marriage with the stress coping style which is discordant with the findings of Simbar et al.[9] study (1391), which stated that as the duration of the living together increases, the utilization of problem-focused coping style increases. We can clarify this issue in this way; according to Lin et al.[7] (2010) and Cheraghi (1389), marriage helps women acquire life skills as well as the way of analyzing and making appropriate decisions in different situations; on the other hand, the existence of interdependence between household make them be kind to each other[25] and the decrease of the consequent psychological stresses will decrease their anxiety[24] and increases their adaptability and flexibility to life, and they feel responsible, so they mainly use the effective coping styles such as problem-focused coping style to be able to respond the household needs.

Furthermore, according to research findings, family solidarity predicts the problem-focused coping style in a way that the utilizing problem-focused coping style increases with the solidarity of the family,[26] which is in accordance with Jamshidis' findings (1387).[27] Moreover, according to Ghazanfari and Ghadampoor's[6] findings (1386), the person's health is closely related to utilization, and the more she applies the problem-focused coping style, the healthier she will be regarding her anxiety, social functional disorders and will show less depression.

According to findings, there is a convert relationship between the number of children with the problem-focused coping style utilization and it looks opposite the findings by Simbar et al.[9] study (1391) which stated that with the increase in the number of children the utilization of style of problem-focused coping style rises. In defining this findings, it is inferred that according to Delavari et al. (1388), parents work for the sake of their children's needs each which have their own needs whether hard to get or easy ones which show the capability of their parents on removing or modifying their needs. While bearing too many children parents might get too stressful to support them, so they might apply inefficient styles to cope with their stress and use few problem-focused styles.
Table 4: The correlation coefficient of Spearman between demographic orderly variables with the stress coping style score

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  Conclusion Top


This study showed that some of the demographic features such as marriage age, the marriage's duration, the number of children, the level of pregnant woman's education, and their husbands have a relationship with the kind of the styles of coping with stress. If the important events of the life such as the marriage age, the number of children, and the used styles in confrontation with stress are trained in a reasonable way, it would help the person to get better and more experienced, make the household adaptable, and choose the efficient method of coping strategies which lead to problem-solving and finally helps both psychological and physical health of herself and society. Therefore, by teaching the efficient coping styles to the pregnant women, as a part of prenatal medicares in the hygienic centers and personal clinics you can help both psychological and physical health of the mother and the embryo.

As for the consequence of this study, these suggestions are given:

Notifying the society for paying attention that the important events such as marriage, having babies, and making decisions in other life's situations in an unsuitable way could have some important consequences for the person and the society.

Furthermore, it is recommended to teach the efficient styles of coping with stress to the girls who are this country's mothers in the future and finally the necessity of paying more attention to both psychological and physical health of pregnant women by the preventive methods to decrease the stress during the pregnancy, and to diagnose these cases in time by the persons and systems that have more relationship with the mother during the pregnancy such as the hygienic centers, midwifery offices, and consultation centers.

Acknowledgment

The researchers are grateful to the Medical Research Department of Isfahan and Medical Research Department of Lorestan, social welfare organization, the staff of health centers, and all the pregnant women for their assistance to carry out this research.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
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  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]



 

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