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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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Year : 2016 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 4 | Page : 213-218 |
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Effects of cannabis use on cognitive function and clinical features of bipolar disorder
Ajay Halder1, Sikha Mukhopadhyay1, Partha Sarathy Biswas1, Abhinanda Biswas2
1 Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 2 Department of General Medicine, ESI Hospital, Belur, Howrah, West Bengal, India
Date of Web Publication | 2-Sep-2016 |
Correspondence Address: Dr. Ajay Halder Puspak Apartment, GR-FR, FL-A, 14/17A, East Mall Road, Kolkata - 700 080, West Bengal India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2395-2296.189677
Aims: This study aims to compare the cognitive function of patients having dual diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder and cannabis dependence with those having either diagnosis alone and with healthy controls. Settings and Design: Hospital-based study. Subjects and Methods: Study subjects were selected from patients attending psychiatry outpatient department in the presence of two senior consultant psychiatrists. Among the pool of the patients, only those who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study. Then the selected patients were administered the semi-structured sociodemographic data sheet, Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, General Health Questionnaire-12, Trail Making Test Part A and Part B, verbal fluency tests, Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test, clock drawing test. Statistical analysis was done by using appropriate statistical methods. Statistical analysis was done with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science-20 (SPSS-20, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)). Results: The results of our study showed there was significant impairment of cognitive function of the patients of bipolar with cannabis dependence than the patients of bipolar disorder or cannabis dependence alone. It had been also found that with an increase in age of onset of bipolar disorder, there was decrease in no of episode, decrease current duration, and inter-episodic recovery was better. Conclusions: The significant cognitive function impairment exists in bipolar with cannabis dependence and the severity of bipolar outcome correlate with the extent of cannabis use also. In spite of certain limitations such as small sample size, short follow-up time, absence of Indian version of neuropsychological tests, and referral bias inherent in hospital-based studies; present study provides valuable empirical insight into complex relationship between cannabis dependence, bipolar disorder, and cognitive dysfunction. Keywords: Bipolar disorder, cannabis, cognition
How to cite this article: Halder A, Mukhopadhyay S, Biswas PS, Biswas A. Effects of cannabis use on cognitive function and clinical features of bipolar disorder. Int J Educ Psychol Res 2016;2:213-8 |
How to cite this URL: Halder A, Mukhopadhyay S, Biswas PS, Biswas A. Effects of cannabis use on cognitive function and clinical features of bipolar disorder. Int J Educ Psychol Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 28];2:213-8. Available from: https://www.ijeprjournal.org/text.asp?2016/2/4/213/189677 |
Introduction | | |
Bipolar disorder or bipolar affective disorder, historically known as manic-depressive disorder, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes/mixed episodes. When broadly defined 4% of people experience bipolar at some point in their life.[1] It is equally prevalent in men and women and is found across all cultures and ethnic groups.[2]
On the other hand, cognition refers to mental processes. These processes include attention, remembering, producing, and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions. It usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions.
Cannabis dependence is a condition defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) applying the general concept of substance dependence to cannabis. About 147 million people, 2.5% of the world population, consume cannabis (annual prevalence) compared with 0.2% consuming cocaine and 0.2% consuming opiates (WHO 2011).
Subjects with bipolar disorder very often struggle with substance abuse and dependence.[3],[4] Typically, cannabis is the most commonly abused drug in individuals with bipolar disorder.[5],[6] Recent studies have demonstrated changes in cognition and brain function associated with long-term or frequent use of cannabis. Specific impairments of attention, memory, and executive function have been found in cannabis users in the unintoxicated state in controlled studies using brain event-related potential techniques [7] and neuropsychological assessments [8],[9] including complex tasks. Cognitive dysfunction seems to predict a poorer functional outcome among bipolar disorder patients, and it is possible that cognitive deficits of greater severity in dually diagnosed patients contribute to this unfavorable outcome.[10]
Acutely bipolar with cannabis dependence patients have shown dysfunctions in several cognitive areas, such as attention, executive function, learning and memory and psychomotor speed.[11],[12],[13] However, it remains unclear whether neuropsychological deficits are stable and exist independently of clinical state.
It is reported that there is a significant reduction of hippocampus and amygdale volumes in long-term heavy cannabis users (mean age 40, mean duration of use 20 years).[14] Early onset cannabis users (before age 17) were found to have smaller whole brain volumes, lower percent cortical gray matter, higher percent white matter, and increased resting cerebral blood flow compared to later onset users.[15] Recent evidence of diminished neuronal and axonal integrity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicated by magnetic resonance spectroscopic markers of metabolism (the ratio N-acetylaspartate/total creatine) was reported.[16]
Subjects and Methods | | |
- Place of study: The study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata
- Duration of study: 18 months (January 2012 to June 2013)
- Sample size: The samples comprise four groups of 30 subjects each, aged 18–45 years.
- Bipolar affective disorders with cannabis dependence (BC)
- Bipolar affective disorders without cannabis dependence (B)
- cannabis dependence (C)
- Normal healthy control group (H).
- Tools: Semi-structured sociodemographic data sheet, Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, DSM-IV-text revision (DSM-IV-TR), General Health Questionnaire-12 for screening of controls
- Cognitive function assessment: Trail Making Test Part A and Part B, verbal fluency tests, Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test (SNST), clock drawing test.
Study techniques
Study subjects were selected by purposive sampling from patients, diagnosed by two senior consultant psychiatrists as having bipolar affective disorder with/without cannabis dependence and cannabis dependence as per DSM-IV-TR criteria.
After being explained about the risk and benefit associated with the study in details in a language they understand properly, patients provided informed consent mentioning their willingness for voluntary participation in the study.
Then the selected patients were administered the semi-structured proforma for assessment of demographic variables named age, sex, type of residence, occupation, and years of formal education, the age at onset, duration of illness in years, number of affective episodes, etc.
The patients were administered the tests for measurement of cognitive functions, i.e. verbal fluency, clock drawing test, Trail Making Test A and B and SNST.
Score of each test was noted according to the instruction or manual of the respective tests.
Results | | |
Age of onset of bipolar disorder had got statistically significant negative correlation with no of episode (P < 0.01), current duration (P < 0.01), and had got significant positive correlation with inter-episodic recovery (P < 0.01), that means with increase in age of onset of bipolar disorder, there was decrease in no of episode, decrease current duration, and inter-episodic recovery was better.
Mean numbers of duration of current affective episode by the patient groups BC and B were BC (6.97 ± 2.760 [standard deviation (SD)]), B (5.37 ± 2.671 [SD]). The difference was statistically significant (t = 2.281; P = 0.026). It means duration of current mood episode is much longer to bipolar with cannabis dependence patients than the cannabis dependence alone.
Discussion | | |
This study was a hospital based cross-sectional study, undertaken with the aim to find out the effect of cannabis use on cognitive function and clinical features of bipolar disorder. The study also intended to search for the affection of different domains of cognitive function, if any. Moreover, it also tried to track the course of changes in clinical features of bipolar disorder in patients who had a history of bipolar disorder.
In [Table 1], all four groups (BC, B, C, H) were comparable and matched as far their marital status (P = 0.578), religion (P = 0.806), living arrangements (P = 0.304), residence (P = 0.883), education (P = 0.224), socioeconomic status (P = 0.630), family history (P = 0.760), and legal problem (P = 0.278). All these signify that there was homogenous selection of patients in this study.
Analyzing in [Table 2], we can find that there were significant differences in all aspects. Hence, bipolar patients having cannabis dependence were impaired most in these domains of cognitive function. These findings also corroborate with previous studies.[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22] The difference of clock drawing score between patients BC (1.03 ± 0.764 [SD]), B (1.60 ± 0.894 [SD]), C (1.66 ± 0.884 [SD]), H (2.16 ± 0.746 [SD]) were also statistically significant (F = 9.479; P < 0.001). Here also Group BC performed worse than Group B, Group C, and Group H.
Completion of trail making Part B test also needed more time for a patient of Group BC and the difference was found statistically significant (F = 7.365; P < 0.001).
Trail Making Tests looks into attention, psychomotor speed, flexibility of thinking, working memory, implementation of volitional activities, adjusting and stopping volitional activities, inhibitory control, and set shifting strategy.[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28] Hence, bipolar patients having cannabis dependence were impaired most in these domains of cognitive function than bipolar without cannabis dependence and cannabis dependence alone.[29],[30],[31],[32],[33]
Stroop color test score were BC (95.86 ± 8.66 [SD]), B (100.90 ± 7.89 [SD]), C (101.03 ± 6.61 [SD]), and H (106.83 ± 3.54 [SD]) and this was also statistically significant (F12.450, P < 0.001).
Stroop test measures certain aspects of executive function such as reaction time, cognitive flexibility, complex, selective and sustained attention, automatic information processing, inhibitory control, i.e., response inhibition, focused effort, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility.[34],[35],[36],[37],[38] Hence, bipolar patients having cannabis dependence were impaired most in these domains of cognitive function than bipolar without cannabis dependence and cannabis dependence alone.[39],[40]
In [Table 3]a, type of current episode in Group BC were Depression 9 (30%), hypomania 4 (13.3%), mania 12 (40%), mixed episode 5 (16.7%). On the other side, current episode Depression 13 (43.3%), hypomania 3 (10%), mania 10 (33.3%), mixed episode 4 (13.3%) in the group B (t=1.261, P=0.762).
In [Table 3]b, the correlation between different features of bipolar disorder among the patients belonging to Group BC and Group B had been described.
Age of onset of bipolar disorder had got statistically significant negative correlation with no of episode (P < 0.01), current duration (P < 0.01), and had got significant positive correlation with inter-episodic recovery (P < 0.01). That means with an increase in Age of onset of bipolar disorder; there was decrease in no of episode, current duration, and inter-episodic recovery was better.[41],[42],[43],[44]
In [Table 3]c, mean numbers of duration of current affective episode by the patient groups BC and B were BC (6.97 ± 2.760 [SD]), B (5.37 ± 2.671 [SD]). The difference was statistically significant (t = 2.281; P = 0.026).[45],[46]
The results of our study showed there was significant impairment of cognitive function of the patients of bipolar with cannabis dependence than the patients of bipolar disorder or cannabis dependence alone which were significant and matched with most of the studies. It had been also found that with increase in age of onset of bipolar disorder, there was decrease in no of episode, decrease current duration and inter-episodic recovery was better.
From this study, we ultimately conclude that significant cognitive function impairment exists in bipolar with cannabis dependence and the severity of bipolar outcome correlate with the extent of cannabis use also. This finding has got an important neurobiological implication in a future study.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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